Development of the Marketing Plan of Monash University - Samples

Sociology Research Paper Topics

Human science Research Paper Topics In any human science class, understudies are ordinarily expected to compose inquire about papers dependent on any social based subject. Human science explore papers regularly spread issues that influence the public activities of individuals. Albeit a few people make some hard memories composing a top notch human science inquire about paper, it basically is something extremely clear. Everything is required for you to compose an A+ sort of paper is legitimate research. Research has a major effect in the nature of human science explore papers. You can decide to explore on any point inasmuch as it is applicable to your subject of intrigue. On the off chance that you need to get a thought of how an elegantly composed Sociology Research Paper seems as though, you can look for a couple of tests from your nearby library. The web likewise contains various instances of expertly composed research papers that you use to manage you as you compose yours. A decent point is presumably the most significant pieces of any examination paper. In the event that you need to score exceptionally in your Sociology exposition, you need to guarantee that your subject meets all the essential necessities. Intensive research is significant in the event that you need to discover a subject that you can serenely compose on. When you discover a theme zone, you ought to guarantee that you make the point imaginatively in order to get the consideration of your peruser. Guarantee that your Sociology Research paper point is clear, explicit and unique. The following are the main five humanism look into paper themes that you may discover valuable for your course: Significant social issues in creating nations What are the qualities and shortcomings of the Communication Decency Act? How does intercultural training help to cultivate social collaborations? How does aggressive behavior at home influence kids? Improve in co-ed schools when contrasted with blended ones?

How to Avoid Mistakes When Writing an Online Essay

How to Avoid Mistakes When Writing an Online EssayTerm papers are important, and they can be one of the most complicated parts of writing an essay. Below is a list of common mistakes to avoid when creating your term paper.o Go for generalization when you write your essay. Even if the topic of your essay is specific, it is better to use general terms or concepts so that you don't end up sounding like a typical college student.o Don't generalize by stating that the term 'grocery' is a more appropriate term for your essay, but rather state that the term is an effective approach to a certain problem. For example, if you are writing about food allergies, instead of using the term 'food allergies,' it is more appropriate to say that your essay focuses on food intolerances.o Avoid using too many words in your essay. Too many words tend to make an essay longer than necessary, and this is especially true of an essay on the Internet where every word counts.o Don't write out of frustration; ins tead, look at the problem from a different perspective and try to see if there is a right way to word a particular phrase, and then look at other options when your options do not work. Sometimes words just don't fit when you write.o Avoid including too many times in your essay; after all, you are a writer, not a computer. There will come a time when you run out of sentences to add, and this can cause your essay to run out of ideas.o Use correct grammar; it is especially important to write correctly if you are relying on citations. Always look for correct usage of punctuation and capitalization.An online paper should be brief, informative, and concise. These are the most important characteristics, and it is imperative that you keep these in mind when creating your essay.

Nike s Responsibilities And Responsibilities - 1609 Words

In today’s society the public plays a major part in any business because in order for a business to be sustained there must be clients/customers that are contributing to the business. It’s vital that companies build their missions around focusing on the needs and demands of the customers. Nike is a company that is continually evolving with the people and society. Nike engages in public policy advocacy on a range of issues affecting their business, the industry and other areas of concern. They use their voice to advocate, promote and protect our business objectives with stakeholders around the world. Nike has developed its focus on six key public policy issues which are as follows: trade, tax and intellectual property, employment, supply chain, sustainability and sport. This is an international focus as their main goal is to be consistent across the board and across the market. Although this may seem simple, it can be quite complicated in some areas such as between trade and labor, or environmental standards, trade and poverty alleviation. It has taken numerous discussions, debates and rigorous education to try and establish consistency globally and to create a balance between different interests taking into account local, regional, global interests, and cultural and p olitical dynamics. It requires that a strong stance is taken through internal and external consultation. (public policy and advocacy , 2015) A second company that is also continually evolving with the people isShow MoreRelatedNike CSR Analysis1581 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ CSR Analysis and Impact on Operations Nike has a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that includes its commitment to the environment and is a signatory of the UN Global Compact. Nike has created a team of sustainability managers led by an independent director. Its environmental goals include producing eco-friendly products and minimizing its environmental impact through the reduction of greenhouse gases, organic solvents and PVCs. Nike acknowledges the difficulty of tracking environmentalRead MoreCase Study : Managing Ethical Organization1377 Words   |  6 PagesMissteps—Sweatshops to Leadership in Employment Practices †¢ Why did Nike fail to address corporate social responsibility early on? The Nike brand was created in 1972, and renamed to Nike in 1978, and has since grown to be the largest worldwide seller of athletic goods, with approximately 168 Nike stores in the United States and a presence in about 160 countries. (Ferrell, O.., 2003) During the time Nike brand was created corporate responsibility was not considered a major deal yet and there were severalRead MoreThe Conception Of Corporate Social Responsibility1236 Words   |  5 PagesSocial responsibility is the accountability of companies for the contacts of its results along with actions on civilization and the surroundings, through crystal clear and ethical performance with the purpose of gives to continue progress together with the strength and the benefit of people. The truth so as to the expressions itself has tainted above this point also recommends that the significance qualified to perception for example, corporate social responsibility will maintain to progress inRead MoreNike: the Sweatshop Deb ate Essay1494 Words   |  6 PagesNike: The Sweatshop Debate MGT/448 May 31, 2010 Instructor: Adrianne Ford Nike: The Sweatshop Debate The purpose and intent of this paper is to describe the legal, cultural, and ethical challenges that face the Nike Corporation in their global business ventures. This paper will also touch on the roles of the host government and countries where Nike manufactures their products and the author will summarize the strategic and operational challenges that Nike managers face in globalization ofRead MoreNike and Social Corporate Responsibility1059 Words   |  5 PagesBowerman founded Blue Ribbon Sports in 1964. The company started as being a distributor of Onituska Tiger athletic shoes which were imported from Japan. In 1971 they broke away from Onituska and created their own of shoes. The company was renamed, Nike. It became the largest worldwide seller of athletic shoes. They branched out and created various products lines; shoes, clothing, sporting goods and digital devices. They used celebrities to promote their products. The first athlete to wear andRead MoreNike vs Adidas1 039 Words   |  5 PagesNike, Inc. (IPA: / naÉ ªki/) (NYSE: NKE) is a major publicly traded sportswear and equipment supplier based in the United States. The company is headquartered in Beaverton, near the Portland metropolitan area of Oregon. It is the world s leading supplier of athletic shoes and apparel and a major manufacturer of sports equipment with revenue in excess of $18.6 billion USD in its fiscal year 2008 (ending May 31, 2008). As of 2008, it employed more than 30,000 people worldwide. Nike and Precision CastpartsRead MoreCorporate Social Responsibility : Nike1312 Words   |  6 Pagesmany corporations have turned to enacting policies regarding corporate social responsibility. By adopting activities that work to aid society and the environment, corporations ultimately increase profits and improve brand image. Several organizations in the apparel industry have used socially responsible activities to rebuild reputations. Today, according to Nike’s official website, they define their â€Å"Nike Responsibility† as: â€Å"Explore. Innovate. Scale. Collaborate. These themes define our sustainabilityRead MoreOrganizational Culture Through Csr Initiatives Are Tentree And Nike Essay1183 Words   |  5 Pagescompany’s corporate social responsibility (CSR) initiatives can directly reflect organizational culture and the voluntary implementation of these beliefs, expectations and values. It demonstrates their organizational reputability, especially if society benefits from them operating in an economic, social and environmentally sustainable manner (Global Affairs Canada, 2016). Two companies that portray their organizational culture through CSR initiatives are Tentree and Nike. However, these companiesRead MoreNike, Mission, Vision, Values, Principles Essay704 Words   |  3 PagesRunning head: NIKE, Inc. Mission, Vision, Principles 1 NIKE, Inc. Mission, Vision, Principles Ameirah Aldahmani MSM631 – Strategic Management and Financial Reports Analysis Regis University Saturday, September 04, 2010 Abstract This paper is a qualitative and quantitative analysis of NIKE, Inc., done as six separate sections. The six sections of the project are external environment analysis, S.W.O.T analysis, executive interview, strategic and tactical plans and controls, structure,Read MoreSocial Audit Responsibility977 Words   |  4 PagesCorporate Social Responsibility The process of building a corporate social responsibility: Corporations while they need to conduct a strategy to become socially responsible, they usually passes through a process that leads it at the end to achieve what is called by â€Å"Civil learning†. In order to achieve this level –which is the highest level of a corporate social responsibility- , they are two dimensions: †¢ The organizational level †¢ The societal level The case of Nike as famous corporate

Women Roles in The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and...

The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin and Eveline by James Joyce are the two short stories that will be analyzed using feminist criticism in this essay. Both short stories share a lot in common about what the role of women’s was perceived within the time they were written. In the story The Story of an Hour Mrs. Louise Mallard was told that her husband’s had died from a tragic accident in a railroad and when she finally became at peace with her husband’s death he showed up and their door. She ended up the one who died at the end of the story. There are a few things in this story that can be interpreted from a feminist point of view. The first is she was introduced to the readers as Mrs. Mallard. The only time throughout the story that her†¦show more content†¦Joyce wrote â€Å"her promise to keep the home together as long as she could,† meaning that it was a struggle for her to keep her promises to her mom. Taking care of her home is a way in which Eveline was oppressed. Around the time the story took place there was a lack of women’s liberation. Women could not really do what they want when they want to, even if it means giving up on their happiness. Not only did Eveline have to keep the house together, she also ha d to take care of two young children. Joyce wrote â€Å"She had hard work to keep the house together and to see that the two young children who had been left to her charge went to school regularly and got their meals regularly.† Eveline was doing everything a wife’s job was around the time the story took place but she did not have a husband and younger children were not hers. She did not have no help from her father because in his mind all that she was doing was a women’s job and all he had to do is provide the money to help take care of the house. Another example of feminist in Joyce story is the way Eveline was being treated by her father. He had a harsh temper especially when it came to her. He treated her with disrespect because she was a woman. He would not allow her to talk to the guy she loves. Her father would also abuse her by the words he would use. He would express that Eveline was using his money to do other things other than taking care of the house and her responsibility as the woman inShow MoreRelatedLiberation And Freedom Are Exquisite Possessions. The Possible1698 Words   |  7 Pagescharacters in Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and James Joyce’s â€Å"Eveline†. Mrs. Mallard and Eveline are standing at the threshold of a raw life story. The difference between the two is that while Mrs. Mallard is eagerly looking forward to her new found freedom, Eveline is deeply panic-struck from the thought of freedom. When the characters are at a point in their life that offers an esc ape into the enchanting world of the unknown, both react differently. Kate Chopin’s â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and James

Methodology Is Used For Designing Planning-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Methodology Is Used For Designing Planning? Answer: Introduction: A methodology is used for designing and planning for achieving the objectives of the project. The project methodologies act as an adaptive framework for program execution. The plans are prepared for the accomplishment of goal by using the set of principles of project methodology (Matos, 2013). The activities of the project management can be made lighter and easier by involving the concept of project methodologies. Role of Project methodology in project management: The project methodologies help the manager for managing plan, initialization, and implementation of the project. The closure of the project can be estimated by the project methodologies. The plans and objectives can be easily achieved by using the models of methodologies. The project activities can be managed within the project scope and scheduled time (Hewagamage, 2011). Categories of Project methodologies: Agile Methodology: In this methodology, the active participation of customers and stakeholders involves which helps in empowering the project team. The focus is given on team management, project monitoring and controlled system, response given correspondent to the changes required by the customers, and others. Waterfall methodology: This methodology is based on sequential approach which involves the completion of each phase in serial order. The different phases which are involved in waterfall methodology are requirement specification plan, design concept, development, integration, testing and validation, installation and implementation, and maintenance and monitoring. The requirement should be specified in the initial stage of the project. Prince2: The facts and standards are the basis of prince2 methodologies. It follows the concept of process based approach (Ghosh, 2012). SDLC: SDLC is the collection of different methodologies together which are used for completing the life span of completing the project development cycle. Each phase of SDLC maintains the documentation for being used in the future. PMBoK: PMBoK is based on standard principles for directing the project in the right direction. The critical path method and work breakdown structure are the basic terminology used in the PMBoK. The major areas which are covered in PMBoK are financial sector, scope management, quality management, budgeting, organization behaviour, time management, human resource management, and many more. The document, plan, and designs are the major outputs of the PMBoK methodologies. The PMBoK helps in increasing the decision making capabilities of the project manager. Similarities: The Prince2 and PMBOK are the project methodologies which provide the substantial framework for managing project activities in efficient manner. The focuse of the two methodologies is to manage activities within the specified scope and time mentioned in the contract. The methodologies help in delivering the product to the customers within the specified time and reduced amount of bugs (Obrutsky, 2016). Differences: Particulars PRINCE2 PMBOK Define Process based approach Principles and standard based approach Critical areas Practically focused Comprehensively focused Knowledge areas 7 knowledge areas 10 knowledge areas Activities 35 activities 45 processes and activities Principles 7 principles - Interpersonal Skills Not indulged Indulged Coverage area Processes and activities Active participation of customers for determining their requirement Organizational and environmental factors Partially focused Strongly focused Quality Partially Focuses on quality management Focuses on quality management Plan Partially Focuses on scope, time, and cost Focuses on scope, time, and cost Risks Identification of risk Identification and management of risks Change Change can be accepted The modification required should be specified in the initial stages of the project Communication management plan Partial participation of customers and stakeholders Active participation of customers and stakeholders Management of human resource Focus on organization theme Focus on PMBOK guide for reference Stakeholder management plan Partial participation of customers and stakeholders Active participation of customers and stakeholders Relation between Project life cycle, Prince2, and PMBoK: The PMBoK provides the defined approach for meeting the requirement of the project. The product specification can be changes according to the change in requirement of the customers. The PMBOK helps in managing the balance between time, scope, and quality (Rad, 2013). The prince2 gives preferences to the quality of the product. The quality control and quality assessment programs should be indulged with the activities which help in satisfying the need of the customers. The diagram below shows the relationship between the Project life cycle, Prince2, and PMBoK: Conclusion: The Project methodologies help in improving the decision making capabilities of the project manager which results in the betterment of the project. The changing requirement of the stakeholders can be easily deployed with the product development life cycle by using the concept of project methodologies. References: Ghosh, S. (2012).Enhance PMBOK by comparing it with PRINCE2 and P2M standards. Retrieved from https://pmkb.com.br/uploads/2013/08/95598999-Comparison-of-PM-Frameworks.pdf Hewagamage, C. (2011).Redesigned framework and approach for IT project management. Retrieved from https://www.sersc.org/journals/IJSEIA/vol5_no3_2011/8.pdf Matos, S. (2013).Prince2 or PMBoK- A question of choice. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2212017313002417 Obrutsky, S. (2016).Comparison and contrast of project management methodologies. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/305969672_Comparison_and_contrast_of_project_management_methodologies_PMBOK_and_SCRUM Rad, N. (2013).Project lifecycle in Prince2. Retrieved from https://www.projectsmart.co.uk/planning-lifecycle-in-prince2.php

The Nature Of Squids Essays - Food And Drink, Squid, Asian Cuisine

The Nature Of Squids The Nature of Squids Squids are among the most varied and unique of all invertebrates. They are mollusks of the Class Cephalopod, along with the nautilus, cuttlefish, and octopus. Squids are highly evolved, and have developed a number of traits uncommon to most other mollusks. Fossil records of cephalopods have dated back the Cambrian Period (about 600 million years ago). Structurally, squids have only small variations of a basic theme common to all cephalopods. They are spherical or cigar-shaped with two fins used to stabilize movement when swimming. Ten arms are easily distinguished emerging from near the mouth Eight of these arms each have four rows of suction cups encircled by rings of chitinous (horny) hooks. These suction cups provide a means of attaching to rocks or holding its food with a powerful grip. The other two arms are called tentacles, and are contractile and longer than the other eight. These tentacles have spatulate tips, which have suckers on their undersides. The contractile tentacles are primarily used to seize prey and pass it to the shorter arms, which hold it at the squids beak. The beak of a squid is a very powerful tool shaped like a parrots beak, and used for almost the same purpose. With it, squids can easily crack the shells of their prey (which usually consists of crabs or other small animals). A pair of giant eyes can be found near the mouth of the squid. The eyes are fairly complex, which is a trait lacking in most invertebrates. Their structure is similar to that of humans, and comparable in ability. The internal arrangements of squids consist of a mantle that surrounds the bodys organs, as with most mollusks. However, although mollusks are generally characterized as having external shells, most cephalopods contain internal shells, or lack them altogether. Squids have very small shells, called pens, found near center of their bodies. Squids (and cephalopods in general) possess several unusual abilities that help them deal with their predators (which range anything from large fish to sperm whales). Their lack of an external shell allows them to squeeze into very tight places, enabling them to conveniently and easily hide from their enemies. When confronted with a dangerous animal away from hiding places, however, squids seem to have a disadvantage when compared to other mollusks with external shells. If attacked, they have no exterior protection. To counter this potential crisis, they have adapted a number of tactics. First, they are capable of temporarily altering the color of their skin, in effect camouflaging themselves. They can shift their appearance from a deep brown color, to a white, or almost transparent quality. Along with this, they are able to slightly change the texture of their skin. This form of camouflage allows the squid to take the form of rocks, seaweed, or other ocean-dwelling objects. If a hazardous foe is not fooled by camouflage, the squid can release an ink cloud. The ink cloud has a number of helpful characteristics that can ward off enemies. The cloud initially causes the nearby water to become dark and cloudy, reducing the enemys visibility and allowing the squid to escape from danger. Some deep-sea squids contain bacteria in their ink so that the cloud glows, and scares away harmful rivals. Also, the cloud usually takes on the form of a shape resembling a squid, providing a distraction from the real one. Another quality of the ink is that it can completely reduce the opponents ability to smellone of the key components for searching for prey found in many predators. Squids are usually seen swimming in large schools. They are capable of great bursts of speedup to 23 mph, by utilizing a highly advanced form of water-jet propulsion. Of the 375 known species, they can range in size from 8 inches to 60 feet long. It is the largest of all aquatic invertebrates. Depending on the species, squids can live from 1.5 to 3 years. A highly advanced mollusk of widely varied extremes, squids have proven to be well adapted to their environment, and have carved their own irreplaceable niche into the oceanic community. Squids have always been of major importance to the ecology of the world, and will most likely continue to be so for

Example of a Reaction Paper

Example of a Reaction Paper Example of a Reaction Paper Example of a Reaction Paper: Lets Use the Internet If you have got a task to write a reaction paper but do not know how to do it, you should not be upset. This article will help you solve your problem. An example of a reaction paper is the solution! If you do not know how to write your reaction paper, you may use an example of a reaction paper. Where can you find it? You should search in the Internet. You may find a variety of free academic papers there, in particular different reaction papers. You may ask How may an example of a reaction paper from the Internet be useful for me if I am not going to plagiarize? It will help you very much, indeed, if you do not know what to begin your paper with or, for instance, how to organize your thoughts. Moreover, one should stress that you may make your profit without plagiarizing. Example of a reaction paper: useful help So, in what way may an example of a reaction paper be helpful for you? You may get a lot of useful information when reading online reaction papers in the Internet. For instance, you may:study the main peculiarities of the structure of reaction papers (what parts a reaction paper should consist of, what kind of information each part should contain, in what way a paper paragraphs should be organized); find some interesting ideas about the subject of your discussion (for example, if you do not know what book or movie you should write your reaction paper about); find out in what way a thesis statement is formulated and how it is mentioned in a reaction paper; study the vocabulary of reaction papers: what words and word-combinations are usually used in such papers, what personal forms of verbs are used. Well, as you see the Internet example of reaction papers (that is online reaction papers that you may use as an example in your writing) may be of great use for you. You may use these papers without plagiarizing. Professional help Anyway, if you cannot cope with your reaction paper for some reasons, you are welcome to contact us! Our professional writers whom we cooperate with will be able to provide you with help in writing of any of your assignment papers as soon as possible. The only thing you should do is to place your order on our web-site!

3 Types of Problems with Complex Phrasal Adjectives

3 Types of Problems with Complex Phrasal Adjectives 3 Types of Problems with Complex Phrasal Adjectives 3 Types of Problems with Complex Phrasal Adjectives By Mark Nichol In each of the following sentences, an error pertaining to hyphenation results in a faulty phrasal adjective. Discussion and revision explain and demonstrate how to solve the problem. 1. The company appeared to violate federal law by offering high-interest rate loans in states where such loans are prohibited. This sentence describes rate loans of a high-interest nature, but that’s not the intent of the statement. The phrase â€Å"high interest rate† serves as a phrasal adjective describing the type of loans in question, so those three words should be hyphenated together: â€Å"The company appeared to violate federal law by offering high-interest-rate loans in states where such loans are prohibited.† Alternatively, the sentence can be relaxed: â€Å"The company appeared to violate federal law by offering loans at high interest rates in states where such loans are prohibited.† (Note that no hyphenation occurs in â€Å"high interest rates† because here, high and interest do not modify rates; rather, high modifies â€Å"interest rates.† 2. A robust â€Å"think outside the box† process is needed to establish and sustain this vital dialogue between management and the board. The writer has enclosed â€Å"think outside the box† in scare quotes, apparently on the assumption that the phrase is an obscure idiom that needs to be emphasized as such, but it is familiar to the point of clichà © and therefore doesn’t merit any special treatment. But in this sentence, it is a phrasal adjective, so the four words should be linked with hyphens: â€Å"A robust think-outside-the-box process is needed to establish and sustain this vital dialogue between management and the board.† (If scare quotes were merited, the marks would serve to visually unify the phrasal adjective, so hyphenation would be redundant.) 3. Production environment access management controls can often be improved by providing user access based on role and title. It is technically correct to hyphenate the noun-cum-adjective stack that begins this sentence, but such a laboriously extended phrasal adjective is clumsy. Simplify such a construction by altering the syntax with insertion of prepositions, as in the first example above: â€Å"Controls for access management in the production environment can often be improved by providing user access based on role and title.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Cost-Effective vs. Cost-EfficientBody Parts as Tools of MeasurementMay Have vs. Might Have

Five educational technologies that will most influence teaching, Essay

Five educational technologies that will most influence teaching, students, and the classroom environment over the next ten years - Essay Example For example in 2009, the private institutions enrolled 3.7 million students and spent $ 22,514 per student while the public schools enrolled 7.7 million students and spent $12, 812. There is thus a great variation between the colleges therefore, driving the need for change to the future of higher education. Jackson also noted that there were increasing costs in education and student debts which raised much concern over the future of these institutions.2 Furthermore, these institutions are expected to produce individuals with skills that are relevant in the job market. Since most students enroll in public institutions, there is need to effect changes in those institutions to ensure efficiency and productivity. Information technology in this case, if incorporated in schools can play a great role in delivering the much needed change. The high demand for incorporation of IT in schools has been necessitated by the many challenges faced by educational institutions in a dynamic global envir onment. First, there is increased need of expanding the content of the curriculum to cope with the demands placed on education by the society. Education is expected to deliver more content due to growth of knowledge. There has also been tremendous growth in reasoning and critical thinking skills hence IT is needed. Due to increased diversity of students, the traditional methods of learning are proving to be incapable of fulfilling learner’s needs besides being expensive.3 Changes in the methods of teaching and how students learn are therefore needed and the only solution is to make IT more central to teaching and learning processes. There are various IT technologies such as use of personal learning environments, tablet computing, use of mobile devices, game-based learning, online learning, user generated learning among others. The paper will concentrate on the five educational technologies that will hold the most influence on teaching, students and the classroom environment o ver the next ten years which comprise of: learning centered design, user generated content, mobile devices, tablet computing and game-based learning. Education in the United States is based on a comprehensive system of elementary, secondary and higher education. Children below five years are enrolled in preschools after which they proceed to elementary school at age 5-7 to age 11-13. Secondary education begins at age 9-12 after which those who graduate proceed to graduate schools. The education system is decentralized hence the schools have a greater role in decision making process rather than relying on the state. It also means that the service providers have to ensure high quality education as they are held accountable by the parents as well the government.4 The U.S education system is dependent on the economic resources hence in case of economic downturns the impact on education is great leading to low enrolment levels and increased drop out rates. This is especially so for racia l groups and the minority groups who have less chances of enrolling in secondary schools.5 The secondary schools are divided into parochial, private, and public schools. The parochial schools are owned and funded by religious entities while private schools are owned and funded by private individuals or organizations. The public schools on the other hand, are funded by

TUI ( tuarism industry ) case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

TUI ( tuarism industry ) - Case Study Example Most of the countries in the European Continent have a pleasant weather throughout the year with rainfalls is summers and snowfalls and brisk winds in the winters. These countries therefore have a excellent features for attracting tourists. Many businesses in the tourism industry of UK and the rest of Europe depend upon tourism. These businesses are museums, cinemas, hotels, night clubs, restaurants, leisure parks, spas, resorts etc (Aston, 2009). The UK tourism industry is worth  £ 114 billion. The tourism industry of Europe is backed by the European Travel Commission (ETC), which is a non-profit making organization and has its main office in Brussels. This organization has 39 member organizations (European Travel Commission, 2009). The role of these organizations is to promote tourism internationally to European countries. These European countries have now started to focus on â€Å"Ecotourism† as mentioned in the European Travel Commission website. The focus on ecotourism and sustainable tourism was initiated when the tourism industries of Asian countries were booming and the Europe tourism industry was stagnated. The tourist destinations in Europe are not a booming business but they are very stable when compared to other tourist destinations of the world. The industry creates a lot of opportunities for the locals as they get more job creation and business opportunities. The single European market has been able to attract more tourists since the European Union (EU) came into existence (Pompl, 1993). The rich culture of the continent and the diversity makes it the most viable option for tourism whether it is for business reasons of for vacations. The general population in the world is tilting more towards family oriented fun and travel (FCCA, 2005). Individuals with families want to spend more time with their families on vacations and leisure time. The increase in youth activities together with their ability to

Separation of Church and State Essay examples -- essays research paper

Probably one of the most heated and controversial political battles raging today would have to be the argument of Separation of Church and State. This debate bridges boundaries of political and social status and reaches deep within, to a time honored believe, Religion. With greater movements toward civil liberties and individual rights, more people have picked up there political swords and readied themselves for battle. So far there has been many casualties on both sides but yet no victor. The whole argument has been raging for some time but never has it been as heated as it has in the last several years. In 1951 minority religions felted that they no longer should be persecuted and have to listen to others religions in public places and following in the foot steps of the civil rights movement they decided to act. Although no real changes came about till 1962 in the case of Engel vs Vitale. This was a deciding case that proved that religion is indeed, not allowed in the schools or other governmental institutions. Many other religious movements have followed since that case. When the movement for Separation of Church and State began, it was usually minority religions vs. Majority religions in certain areas. Everyone was for prayer in schools, but they all wanted a different prayer to be said. Ultimately they turned to the courts to decide but as they proceeded through the trials they realized, â€Å"Do we really want the government to decide what prayer to say in school? A... Separation of Church and State Essay examples -- essays research paper Probably one of the most heated and controversial political battles raging today would have to be the argument of Separation of Church and State. This debate bridges boundaries of political and social status and reaches deep within, to a time honored believe, Religion. With greater movements toward civil liberties and individual rights, more people have picked up there political swords and readied themselves for battle. So far there has been many casualties on both sides but yet no victor. The whole argument has been raging for some time but never has it been as heated as it has in the last several years. In 1951 minority religions felted that they no longer should be persecuted and have to listen to others religions in public places and following in the foot steps of the civil rights movement they decided to act. Although no real changes came about till 1962 in the case of Engel vs Vitale. This was a deciding case that proved that religion is indeed, not allowed in the schools or other governmental institutions. Many other religious movements have followed since that case. When the movement for Separation of Church and State began, it was usually minority religions vs. Majority religions in certain areas. Everyone was for prayer in schools, but they all wanted a different prayer to be said. Ultimately they turned to the courts to decide but as they proceeded through the trials they realized, â€Å"Do we really want the government to decide what prayer to say in school? A...

Wendy Geiger

Your friend, Wendy Geiger, owns a small retail store that sells candies and nuts. Geiger acquires her goods from a few select vendors. She generally makes purchase orders by phone and on credit. Sales are primarily for cash. Geiger keeps her own manual accounting system using a general Journal and a general ledger. At the end of each business day, she records one summary entry for cash sales. Geiger recently began offering items in creative gift packages.This has increased sales substantially, and she is now receiving orders from corporate and other clients who order large uantities and prefer to buy on credit. As a result of increased credit transactions in both purchases and sales, keeping the accounting records has become extremely time consuming. Geiger wants to continue to maintain her own manual system and calls you for advice. Required: In Microsoft Word write a memo to her advising how she might modify her current manual accounting system to accommodate the expanded business activities.Geiger is accustomed to checking her ledger by using a trial balance. Your memo should xplain the advantages of what you propose and of any other verification techniques you recommend. Dear Wendy. I see that your business has grown significantly from where you started off and I thought that I might offer you a few suggestions regarding your record keeping. you are gaining larger clients, that it is necessary for you to not only keep a record of cash customers as a whole, but cash and credit customers individually.This will keep you 100% protected from fraudulent charges and bank related issues as well as will eep you organized and on top of things fguratively. No matter how big or small your business is, numbers can make or break you. You need to keep track of each number as if it was your only one.Manual Accounting Modifications for Expanded Business This memo is to advise you of the best possible ways for you to modify your current manual accounting system to accommodat e the expanded business activities for your retail store.Pursuant to our conversation, you generally obtain your goods on credit using purchase orders, and your sales are primarily cash. You currently keep your manual accounting system using a general Journal and a general ledger, and you make one summary entry for cash sales at the end of each business day. Due to increased demand for your products and higher sales volume, including credit sales, maintaining the accounting records has become time consuming, but you would like to continue with your manual system.Allow me to provide pertinent information that ill assist you in continuing your manual system in the most efficient way. The accounting information system is one that collects and processes relevant data from transactions, and organizes them into relevant reports. This system is also used to report and record the exchange of goods and/or services. It is critical for you to understand how and what transactions are occurring in your business. A small business like yours can be effective with a manual process and with the use of special Journals and subsidiary ledgers.With the issues you mentioned in mind, most f your transactions can be categorized into the special Journals with the use of four individual Journals to complement the general Journal you are currently using. Special Journals are used to record and post transactions, and are uniquely designed for each business, but for most merchandising companies, the Journals used are sales Journals, for recording sales on credit; cash receipts Journals, to record sales made by cash; purchases Journals, for recording goods obtained on credit; and cash disbursements Journals, for†¦

African-American History Timeline 1880 to 1889

During the 1880s, many of the liberties that African-Americans enjoyed as citizens were rapidly taken away by the U.S. Supreme Court, state legislatures and everyday people who did not believe that African-Americans should be able to participate in the political process.   As laws were created on the federal and local level to disenfranchise African-American communities, men such as Booker T. Washington established Tuskegee Institute and women such as Ida B. Wells began working on a local level to expose the horrors of lynching.   1880    The U.S. Supreme Court rules that African-Americans cannot be excluded from a jury based on race in Strauder v. West Virginia. 1881 The Tennessee State Legislature votes to segregate railroad passenger cars.Spelman College is established by Sophia B. Packard and Harriet E. Giles. The institution is the first for African-American women in the United States.Booker T. Washington establishes Tuskegee Institute in Alabama. 1882 The first state mental hospital for African-Americans is opened in Virginia. The hospital is located in Petersburg.History of the Negro Race in America from 1619 to 1880 is published by George Washington Williams. The text is considered the first comprehensive history of African-American culture to be written.The Ku Klux Klan Act of 1871 is voided by the U.S. Supreme Court.    1883 A new trend begins in the electoral process: no African-Americans are elected to serve in the 50th Congress. At the same time, voter intimidation keeps many African-American men from participating in the voting process.The Civil Rights Act of 1875 is considered invalid by the U.S. Supreme Court. The decision is known as the Civil Rights Cases and declares that the federal government cannot keep businesses or individuals from discriminating against others on the basis of race.Abolitionist and women’s advocate Sojourner Truth dies.A group of white residents in the town of Danville, Va. take control of the local government. In the process, four African-Americans are killed. 1884 Judy W. Reed, inventor of the dough kneader and roller, becomes the first African-American woman to receive a patent.Granville T. Woods establishes the Woods Railway Telegraph Company in Columbus, Ohio. Woods’ company manufactures and sells telephone and telegraph equipment. 1885 Episcopal Priest Samuel David Ferguson becomes the first ordained bishop in the Episcopal Church. 1886 An estimated 75,000 African-Americans are members of the Knights of Labor.Norris Wright Cuney is appointed chairman of the Texas Republican Party. In this position, he is the first African-American to lead a major political party at the state level in the United States. 1887 Florida segregates railroad passenger cars.The directors of Major League Baseball prohibited the   African-American players from joining the league.The National Colored Baseball League is established, becoming the first professional African-American league. The league begins with eight teams—the Lord Baltimores, Resolutes, Browns, Falls City, Gorhams, Pythians, Pittsburgh Keystones, and the Capital City Club. However, within two weeks the National Colored Baseball League will cancel games as a result of poor attendance.The National Colored Farmer’s Alliance is founded in Texas. 1888 Mississippi segregates its railroad passenger cars.The Savings Bank of the Grand Fountain United Order of the Reformers and Capital Savings Bank of Washington D.C. are established. Both are considered the first African-American owned and operated banks. 1889 Florida institutes the poll tax in an effort to keep African-American men from voting. Florida is the first state to use the poll tax.Frederick Douglass is appointed as the Prime Minister of Haiti.

The security management - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 27 Words: 8138 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? The Security Management Industry INTRODUCTION Security management is the combination of hardware, software, and services that normalizes, aggregates, correlates, and visualizes data from disparate security products. Security management is a broad term that encompasses several currently distinct market segments. With the presence of the Internet, spam is becoming increasingly costly and dangerous as spammers deliver more virulent payloads through email attachments. According to a recent IDC (2004) study, the volume of spam messages sent daily worldwide jumped from 7 billion in 2002 to 23 billion in 2004. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The security management" essay for you Create order The Hong Kong Population has increasingly Internet users. This boom in the electronic commerce creates ease in communication and on business transactions however this has also compromised the internal data security with the presence of hackers. Industry analysts believe that increased spending on internet security products and the establishment of a corporate data security policy is equally important in avoiding information leakage. Estimated information security spending in Hong Kong will reach USD 231 million in 2003 and will maintain a stable growth to reach USD 252 million in 2004. U.S. security products enjoy an excellent reputation in Hong Kong and should continue to dominate the market. According to Braunberg (2004), a major early driver for security management products is the need to get a handle on event data emanating from intrusion detection systems. Many security management products are chiefly concerned with the consolidation, correlation and prioritization of this type of data. These event management and correlation products address the volume of data and its heterogeneous origin, both in terms of devices and vendors. SECURITY MANAGEMENT MARKET IN HONG KONG Market Highlights The continuous increase in demand for communication internationally, internet has been increasingly in demand. With the Internet in business transactions, companies expanded sales opportunities through e-commerce and reduce business costs. With the presence of Internet, companies can broadly expand customer base. However, in spite of all these benefits that companies experienced with Internet, it has also brought some costs to companies. Internet opens up network and servers to external and internal attacks. In order to guard against these attacks, Hong Kong companies have increasingly felt the need to purchase Internet security. According to the report of HKCERT (2004), the number of PCs installed in Hong Kong has skewed to the low end. In the survey conducted, it shows that 63.5% of the surveyed companies had installed 1-9 PCs and only 1.3% had installed 100 PCs or above. Consumer Analysis In the report of HKCERT (2002), industry players estimated that the Hong Kong market for internet security products and services in 2001 was USD 231 million and will reach USD 252 million in 2004. Generally U.S. internet security products are the major players and are enjoying an excellent reputation in Hong Kong and are continually dominating the market. Industry Estimates The survey of HKCERT in 2004 showed that Hong Kong companies adopted security technologies to secure their computer form attacks. The survey includes 3,000 companies from different industry sectors in Hong Kong. According to the survey anti-virus software was the most popular security measure, being used by 90.9% of the companies interviewed in 2004. Physical security (65.5%), Firewall (65.4%) and Password (60.6%) were the next three common security measures adopted (HKCERT, 2004). The information security awareness of the companies in Hong Kong has increased considerably as the percentage of companies without any security measures in place dropped from 10.1% in 2003 to 3.6% in 2004 (HKCERT, 2004) As the survey shows, the use of firewall has significantly increased in 2004. This is due to the increasing awareness of a number of companies that the basic security tools can not completely stop virus and because software vendors pay great effort in promoting their products. From the table above, US rank number one in the list showing that US is the major host of malware in 2006. On the other hand, Hong Kong only is on the 9th place however it is still a major contributor of malware in the world. Sophos notes that up to 90% of all spam is now relayed from zombie computers, hi-jacked by Trojan horses, worms and viruses under the control of hackers. This means that they do not need to be based in the same country as the computers being used to send the spam (IET, 2007). Sophos found that the most prolific email threats during 2006 were the Mytob, Netsky, Sober and Zafi families of worms, which together accounted for more than 75% of all infected email (IET, 2007). According to the report, email will continue to be an important vector for malware authors, though the increasing adoption of email gateway security is making hackers turn to other routes for infection (IET, 2007). Malware infection will continue to affect many websites. SophosLabs is uncovering an average of 5,000 new URLs hosting malicious code each day (IET, 2007). In 2006, it has been discovered that there is a decrease in use of spyware due to multiple Trojan downloaders. Statistics reveal that in January 2006 spyware accounted for 50.43% of all infected email, while 40.32% were emails linking to websites containing Trojan downloaders. By December 2006 the figures had been reversed, with the latter now accounting for 51.24%, and spyware-infected emails reduced to 41.87%.(IET, 2007) Market Channels In Hong Kong, consumer-oriented products such as anti-virus, overseas companies usually market their products via local distributors who will then channel the products to resellers and in some cases directly to retailers. For enterprise-oriented products, which require value-added services such as system integration and after-sales support, overseas companies can go through local distributors and/or resellers. (Chau, 2003) Competitive Analysis The internet security market has four segments: anti-virus, firewall, encryption software, and Security Authentication, Authorization Administration. Anti-virus Software Anti-virus software identifies and/or eliminates harmful software and macros. Anti-virus are mostly software based. The major players in Hong Kong for the consumer market includes Symantec/Norton which possesses 50% of the market share in Hong Kong, Norman, Nai/McAfee, and Trend Micro which are basically US origin (Chau, 2003). According to Chau (2003), consumers of Anti-virus are generally price sensitive and usually seek for products with established brand name. In the enterprise market of anti-virus, the major players include Trend Micro, NAI/McAfee, Norman and Symantec (Chau, 2003). According to the analysis, enterprise users will usually seek professional opinions from their I.T. service provider and are more likely to focus on brand reputation and offered features and pricing is not the main concern, although with the downturn in the economy, companies are becoming more price-sensitive (Chau, 2003) Firewall Firewall software/hardware identifies and blocks access to certain applications and data. There are two categories of firewall products: software and hardware. The players in Hong Kongs software firewall market are Check Point Software which dominates the market of 60% market share, Computer Associates, Symantec and Secure Computing (Chau, 2003). In the hardware firewall market, the major players are Netscreen with 50% market share, Cisco (PIX) with 20% market share, Sonic Wall, Watchguard and Nokie of Finland (Chau, 2003). According to the report, the price for software firewalls averages USD 20 per user. On the hardware firewalls side, the number of users and the kinds of features determine the price. A low-end firewall server costs USD 600 to USD 700, a mid-range server costs USD 2,000 to USD 4,000, and a high-end server costs USD 10,000 and above. Netscreen and Sonic Wall are quite common in small to medium-sized enterprises. Cisco targets large corporations. Brand reputation and price are the prime concerns for buyers. According to industry players, there is an increasing preference for hardware firewalls over software firewalls because the hardware firewall has a speed advantage and is easier to maintain. (Chau, 2003) Encryption Encryption software is a security product that uses crypto-graphical algorithms to protect the confidentiality of data, applications, and user identities. According to the study, the most commonly-used standards in Hong Kong are SSH, SSL, PGP, RSA, and DES. Different standards are used for different objectives. SSH is mostly used to secure TCP connections between remote sites. SSL is commonly used in web browsers to secure web traffic. PGP is used for email encryption. RSA is for PKI system authentication and authorization. DES or 3DES are commonly used in the banking sector. (Chau, 2003) According to the report of Chau (2003), the major players in encryption in Hong are PGP, Utimaco, F-Secure, SSH (Security Shell), and RSA. Security 3A Software Security 3A (administration, authorization, and authentication) software is used for administering security on computer systems and includes the processes of defining, creating, changing, deleting, and auditing users. Authentication software is used for verifying users identities and avoiding repudiation. Authorization software determines data access according to corporate policy. Administrative software includes internet access control, email scanning, intrusion detection and vulnerability assessment, and security management. The major players in PKI system in Hong Kong are Baltimore of UK, Verisign, and Entrust (Chau, 2003). Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) An intrusion detection system (IDS) examines system or network activity to find possible intrusions or attacks. Intrusion detection systems are either network-based or host-based. Network-based IDS are more common. According to the report of Chau (2003), the major players of IDS in Hong Kong are ISS (Real Secure) which dominate in the market of 65% market share, Enterasys (Dragon), Symantec (Intruder Alert), Tripwire (Tripwire), Computer Associates (Entrust Intrusion Protection) and Cisco (Secure IDS). In the analysis it has been known that IDS end-users are mostly medium to large enterprises and the most significant purchasing criteria for end users are reliability and compatibility and price is not a key factor (Chau, 2003). Content Security Products The major players of content security products includes Clearswift which has 50% market share, Websense which has 25% market share, Trend Micro and Serve Control (Chau, 2003). Market Trends According to the report, on corporate side, the demand for network-based anti-virus would likely to increase than the demand for desktop-based anti-virus products since mostly viruses attacks are usually via internet (Chau, 2003). On the other hand, in the consumer side, consumer market would likely to fade away since consumers are downloading free anti-virus from the Internet. It is expected that ISPs will increasingly provide AV protection as a value-added service to the users (Chau, 2003). In the firewall software, it has been expected that the demand for hardware-based appliance products would likely to increase for small and medium-sized companies. (Chau, 2003) For Intrusion detection and vulnerability assessment, it is predicted that it will become very popular as enterprises will shift to a balance between internal and external threats. In addition, the distinction between host-based and network-based IDS is becoming blurry with the creation of IDS consoles that receive data from both the network sensors and host agents. Integrated solutions will become the trend. (Chau, 2003) Market Driver There are several market drivers of security management market. Chau (2003) identified some of these market drivers. In his report, he enumerated three of these market drivers which includes the Internet growth, telecommuting trend, and government generated awareness of Internet security. Internet Growth In Hong Kong, the Internet has become the prevalent communication means between business transaction and even between employees with the increasing trend of globalization. According to Hong Kong Government survey in 2001, 1.25 million households or 61% of all households in Hong Kong has PCs of which 80% are connected to the Internet compared to 50% households with PCs in 2000 of which only 36% are connected to the Internet in 2000 (Chau, 2003). Generally, consumers are making use of the internet to send emails, surf the web, carry out research, conduct on line banking transactions, and make low-value purchases. The survey estimated that around 6% of all persons over 14 had used one or more types of online purchasing services for personal matters in the 12 months before the survey (Chau, 2003). On the other hand, on the business side, more than one third of businesses in Hong Kong have internet connections. In 2001, about 12% of businesses had delivered their goods, services or information through electronic means which is 4% higher than that in 2000. The estimated amount of business receipts received from selling goods, services or information through electronic means in 2000 was USD 1 billion. Increased connectivity to the internet creates higher chances of hacker attacks, especially if the users have a constant live connection, such as through a DSL line. (Chau, 2003) According to the Hong Kong Commercial Crimes Bureau, reports of computer-related offenses increased from 235 incidents in 2001 to 210 in the first nine months in 2002. Computer attacks had affected 5,460 computers in the past 12 months. Financial loss caused by computer-related crimes rose from USD 195,000 in 2001 to USD 236,000 in 2002. The Computer Crime Section of the Hong Kong Commercial Crimes Bureau believes that only 0.3% of the victims reported hacking incidents, fearing that doing so would damage their reputation. Facing increasing internal and external hacking threats, companies are seeking security tools to protect their network and to maintain public confidence. (Chau, 2003) Telecommuting Trend Another major driver of security products, according to Chau (2003), is the increasing decentralization of the work force, such as mobile sales teams in the insurance industry who need to access corporate networks via PDAs. There is an increasing trend of businesses and organizations which benefit from employees ability to dial into corporate networks via the internet, however, this often creates information security risks within the organization, resulting in increased dependence on, and greater deployment of, security products (Chau, 2003). Government-generated awareness of internet security Another major driver of security products is the government awareness on the importance of Internet security. With this awareness, government organizations are formed. Like for example the SAR Government. The SAR Government is committed to providing a safe and secure environment to foster the development of e-commerce in Hong Kong in which has built a public key infrastructure (PKI) through the establishment of a public certification authority and a voluntary CA recognition scheme in Hong Kong (Chau, 2003). Currently, there are four recognized certification authorities operating in Hong Kong which includes JETCO, Digi-Sign Certification Ltd., HiTRUST.Com and the Hong Kong Postmaster General. In addition to the establishment of the PKI systems, the Hong Kong Government has also engaged substantial resources to educate the public regarding the importance of information security. For instance, the Crime Prevention Unit of the Technology Crime Division of the Hong Kong Police is responsible for providing advice on all aspects of computer security. It also produces educational materials on raising computer security awareness and makes presentations on technology crime prevention topics. (Chau, 2003) In addition to the market drivers in which Chau has enumerated, there are still other market drivers of security management market. Braunberg (2004) identified two major groups of market drivers which are the near-tern market drivers and long-term market drivers. Under the near-term market drivers are manage or prevent, perimeter management, vulnerability assessment, embracing standards and the brains of the operation. Long-term market drivers include complexity and cost, device and security integration, knowledge database resources, lack of trust, on demand of computing and social engineering. Near-Term Market Drivers Manage or Prevent. In the analysis of Braunberg (2004), the chief driver of event management solutions is the continuing and hugely annoying number of false positives pouring out of intrusion detection systems. According to him, a counter driver to growth in the managed security segment is the emergence of intrusion prevention systems, particularly in-line solutions that can perform real-time data blocking (Braunberg, 2004). The adoption of intrusion prevention system could inhibit spending on event management systems and security management vendors should consider these products competitive to their own (Braunberg, 2004) Perimeter Management. Security management products has evolve due tot to the demand of securing the perimeter. According to Braunberg (2004), security management solutions are evolving to integrate data from a host of perimeter products in which event management systems often evolved along separate lines with products for firewall, antivirus, and IDS. Vulnerability Assessments. According to Braunberg (2004), one of the near- term drivers for which end-users are of concern is understanding what the security risks are. Generally, clients are looking to leverage vulnerability assessments to help prioritize emerging threats. Increasingly vulnerability data is being leveraged in event management systems (Braunberg, 2004). Embracing Standards. According to Braunberg (2004), the industry is a long way from embracing standards for sharing event information but some progress has been made over the last year. The Internet Engineering Task Forces Incident Object Description and Exchange Format (IODEF) draft specification is gaining some traction and its adoption would be a significant step forward for the market (Braunberg, 2004) The Brains of this Operation. According to Braunbergs analysis (2004), the infatuation with IPS will be short-lived unless significant improvements can be made in reducing false positives in events however security management products will increasingly play a major role in providing the analytic smarts behind IPS solutions. Long-Term Market Drivers: Complexity and Cost. With the increasingly complexity in the web-based business models, the more tangled is the security solutions for the end-users. According to Braunberg (2004), businesses building online strategies from scratch can be overwhelmed by the initial investment of security solutions, while those trying to adapt existing solutions to evolving security concerns are besieged by maintenance costs. Device and Security Integration. According to Braunberg (2004), equipment makers are paying much closer attention to imbedded security functionality in devices and are actively attempting to integrate security as a value-added service in order to change the thinking of the end users of security products as an add-on or an extraneous component of infrastructure. In addition, vendors are looking to unite service providers with standards programs that simplify client understanding and reduce the complexity of product buying (Braunberg, 2004). Knowledge Database Resources. Another market driver for security products is to actively secure the knowledge database from attack patterns and other descriptions of the enemies. The security products vendors should reinvent a faster response to the known threats. According to Braunberg (2004), multi-product vendors particularly will look to evolve from real-time monitoring to broader real-time management. Lack of Trust: According to Braunberg (2004), end users, whether they are corporate users putting a business plan on a server or a consumer buying a CD, have ingrained habits that they are not necessarily willing to give up. For example, no matter how good an online banks security system is, a consumer will have to be convinced that its services are not only as good as a brick and mortar banks services, but better (Braunberg, 2004). On demand Computing: According to Braunberg (2004), the availability of ubiquitous computing resources on demand will further drive the need for sophisticated, highly flexible security management solutions that combine both identity management and event management. According to him, the demand for more esoteric offerings such as GRID computing is the major long-term driver for security management solutions (Braunberg, 2004). Social Engineering. According to Braunberg (2004), clients are still facing risks in security that employees represent just through the human desire to be helpful, and hackers exploit this through social engineering. According to him, a component of managed security will need elements of employee training to build awareness of outside threats (Braunberg, 2004). According to the analysis of Braunberg (2004), the security segment will continually be strong in which the diversity of interest ranges from an array of different types of companies which indicates a leverage of controlling security function. In addition, since end users demand has also evolve in which they demand for more in-depth defensive strategies ad best of breed approaches to purchasing decisions, security solution in turn has become more complex. Case Study: Trend Micro Enterprise History In 1988, Trend Micro Incorporated was founded by Steve Chang and his wife in California. Trend Micro Incorporated is a global leader in network antivirus and Internet content security software and services. The company led the migration of virus protection from the desktop to the network server and the Internet gatewayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ gaining a reputation for vision and technological innovation along the way. Trend Micro focuses on outbreak prevention and on providing customers with a comprehensive approach to managing the outbreak lifecycle and the impact of network worms and virus threats to productivity and information, through initiatives such as Trend Micro Enterprise Protection Strategy. Trend Micro ha grown into a transnational organization with more than 2,500 employees representing more than 30 countries around the globe. Many of the leading high-tech and security industry analysts have tracked Trend Micros growth and performance for the last several years, hailing the company as visionary, citing its leadership and innovation in the security industry. According to Brian Burke, IDC Research Manager, Trend Micro has consistently demonstrated a strong position in the Secure Content Management market. To remain successful Trend Micro has adapted quickly to market challenges and the evolution of security threats such as spyware, phishing and spam, in which financial gain has become the number one driving force. Given Trend Micros track record and its strong upward momentum, we expect the company to continue delivering innovative solutions that provide customers with timely protection against unpredictable threats. Trend Micro has earned a reputation for turning great ideas into cutting-edge technology. In recognition of the antivirus companys strategy and vision, the analyst firm Gartner has hailed Trend Micro as a visionary malicious code management supplier for four consecutive years. Citing its flexible and efficient transnational management model, BusinessWeek acknowledged Trend Micro as one ofa new breed of high-tech companies that are defying conventional wisdom. According to IDC, Trend Micro has held the top global market share in internet gateway antivirus for six consecutive years. A history of innovation In 1995 Trend Micro became an industry pioneer in the migration of virus protection from the desktop to the server level, with the launch of Trend Microà ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢ ServerProtec. In 1997 it launched the industrys first virus protection for the Internet gateway with InterScan VirusWall. Since then, it has demonstrated a history of innovation in server-based antivirus products that has contributed to the leadership position it holds today in this market (according to the recent IDC report Worldwide Antivirus 2004-2008 Forecast and 2003 Competitive Vendor Shares. Trend Micro continues to shift the paradigms of antivirus security with cutting-edge products, services and strategies like Trend Micro Network VirusWall, Outbreak Prevention Services, and its Enterprise Protection Strategy. Trend Micro is committed to following its path of innovation to help companies manage todays ever-increasingly complex, fast-spreading malware threats. SWOT Analysis Strengths Business and security knowledge Trend Micro has been a pioneer and innovator in the antivirus software market since 1988, anticipating trends and developing products and services to protect information as new computing standards have been adopted around the world. Service and support excellence, that is, Trend Micro products and services are backed by TrendLabs a global network of antivirus research and support centers. TrendLabs monitors potential security threats worldwide and develops the means to help customers prevent the spread of outbreaks, minimize the impact of new threats, and restore their networks. Flexible workforce through contingent workers for seasonal/cyclical projects Loyal, hardworking, and diverse workforce who, in addition to good compensation, have an opportunity to do well Multinational corporation operating through regional subsidiaries to minimize cultural differences Low employee turnover Relatively rapid product development processes that allow for timely updating and release of new products Revenues and profits rising at 30% a year with merger/acquisition or investment in 92 companies over past five years Software products have high name recognition, broad-based corporate and consumer acceptance and numerous powerful features that are in use worldwide, thereby promoting standardization and competitive advantage through their ease of integration and cost-effectiveness Top rating from Fortune for best company to work at and most admired company Worlds largest software company with global name recognition and strong reputation for innovative products Weaknesses Perceived by many as a cut-throat competitor that uses its dominant market position to marginalize competition by stealing/destroying the competitions products, stifling product innovation, and decreasing the availability of competitor products Products have a single application focus and do not work well with or on-top of other products Reputation has suffered because of entanglement in antitrust and permatemps Vizcaino litigation Misperceptions of securitys value or purpose Opportunities Cheaper global telecommunication costs open new markets as people connect to the Internet in which in turn increases the need for security products Mobile phone applications and exploitation of personal digital assistants represent a growth industry so that strategic alliances could provide the company with opportunity in a market where it currently has little or no significant presence Business Continuity Reduced Costs Potential Revenue Opportunities Trend Micro holds the top market share for both worldwide Internet gateway and email-server based antivirus sales. Threats Currency exchange rates affect demand for application/operation software and hardware, and fluctuating currencies can negatively impact revenues in the global marketplace Recession or economic slowdown in the global market impacts personal computer equipment sales and their need for an operating systems which in turn would slowdown the need for security systems Software piracy of commercial and consumer applications software on a global scale threatens revenue streams Technology life cycle is shorter and shorter Inconsistency across the enterprise Loss of sponsorship or visibility Current Strategy The continuous success of Trend Micro is guided by its strategies. Innovation was always been the strategy of a technological company however in Trend Micro, innovation was not the only strategy implemented. There are many essentials that are to be considered. The current strategy of Trend Micro are the following. Focus On the Essentials and Sacrifice the Rest It is known that focus is important and essential for the success of any business. According to Steve Chang, strategy is about focusing on essential and sacrificing the rest. (Chang, 2002) in addition, according to Peter Firstbrook, program director, security risk strategies, META Group, Trend Micro has done just that, having an amazing laser-like focus on their business. And the authors of a Harvard Business School case study commented: Although very entrepreneurial, Steve Chang held fast to a single strategic focus for over a decade. Rather than attempt to provide all security products to all customers, Trend Micro concentrated on developing best-of-breed antivirus solutions. (Pain and Bettcher, 2003) Trend micros consistent and persistent focus allowed the company to build their strengths and consistently leading the market. Innovation Isnt Just About Your Software Products Trend Micro has many product firsts under its belt: the first antivirus product for a server in 1993; the first Internet gateway protection antivirus software in 1996; the first e-mail anti-virus software product in 1998; the first Internet content security service in 1999. However, for the Trend Micro innovation applies to more than just the products. It is a pervasive notion that applies to other areas of your business as well. Innovation should be seen new type of global organization and in a new service offering. According to Steve Hamm in a 2003 Business Week article, Borders are So 20th Century, Trend Micro is an example of a new form of global organization, transnational organization in which aimed to transcend nationality altogether. Hamm quotes C. K. Prahalad, a professor at the University of Michigan Business School, who says Theres a fundamental rethinking about what is a multinational companyDoes it have a home country? What does headquarters mean? Can you fragment your corporate functions globally? (Hamm, 2003) According to Hamm (2003) Trend micro was one of the first responder to viruses which can deliver services in 30 minutes before the market leader Symantec. He commented that Trend Micro is able to respond so quickly because its not organized like most companies. (Hamm, 2003) The strategy of Trend Micro is to spread its top executives, engineers, and support staff around the world. The main virus response center is in the Philippines, where 250 engineers are willing to work the evening and midnight shifts necessary to keep ever-vigilant. Then there are six other labs scattered from Munich to Tokyo. According to Chang, With the Internet, viruses became global. To fight them, we have to become a global company. (Hamm, 2003) In addition to organizing the company globally to handle the virus threat, Trend Micro is also structured to exploit every possible geographic advantage and resource around the world (Pain and Bettcher, 2003). With Trend Micros strategic focus, the company chooses to put the main virus response center in the Philippines since the Philippines has the most educated English speaking population who are willing to work day or night and cost the company less than it cost for the engineers in Taiwan where its RD is located. Trend Micro innovated in its organization structure to respond to its changing circumstances such as the global threat of the Internet, or to take advantage of what other countries had to offer, such as a less expensive group of English- speaking customer support personnel. In addition, Trend micro has able to innovate its products with other service offering that created a new competitive advantage since the company had already built such a rapid global response organization. If, after being notified of a virus outbreak, Trend Micro doesnt respond in two hours or less, they will pay a penalty which can be as high as the full price of the software. For Trend Micro, innovation is not just technology but a wider view of thinking that can involve any part of your company, including the organization and even service offerings. Choose Practices Which Scale Your Business According to Chang, anything that is not scalable is something that Trend Micro dont want to do. Trend Micros sales are 100% done through the channel using system integrators, distributors and value-added resellers. In addition, Trend Micro doesnt provide the usual implementation services that go along with a customers software installation. It is provided by the channels. Through the channels Trend Micro has eliminated the more challenging aspects of scaling a software business. If Trend Micro itself will do direct sales to customers, it would cost them and it would be limited to the number of sales personnel the company hires. Whereas, using channel can provide the company a multiplier effect, extending the number of sales personnel and reaching extended geographic areas. And providing implementation services is a lower margin business because you are essentially hiring out your technical staff. Avoiding direct sales and implementation services has a direct impact on Trend Micros financials. Best-of-Breed Strategy Requires In-Depth Expertise and Outstanding Customer Service According to Chang, less than 5 percent leave the company. Trend Micro considers longevity of experience in recruiting and selecting its personnel and engineers. According to Chang, smart people like working with smart people Trend Micro accomplishes this with a very selective hiring policy that only accepts 8 percent of applicants. Second, he creates an environment attractive to software engineers. For example, he runs an annual programming contest to see who the best is. Third, the nature of his work provides an ongoing challenge since, unfortunately, the creators of the viruses are clever and smart. So his engineers have to be clever and smart to think of ways to defeat them. (Turchin, 2004) Besides offering the only two-hour service level agreement available, Chang has focused on developing a world class virus response center. So his centers have adopted two very stringent quality control standards: ISO 9001-2000 and Customer Operations Performance Center (COPC)-2000 (COPC-2000 is a comprehensive operations performance standard that specifies minimum operational requirements in critical functional areas that are important to end users and clients. (Turchin, 2004) Future Strategy Trend Micros strategy is always been on continuous innovation on their products. However, innovation is not always on technology. Innovation should also be directed to the business as a whole. In addition, the Trend Micro should gain sustainable competitive advantage through proper human resource management. Innovation and Communication A global economy requires business organizations to cultivate their international holdings by respecting the national differences of their host countries and coordinating efforts for rapid innovation. Maintaining a competitive edge in a global, innovative, and dynamically evolving environment produces substantial pressure to redefine how business is conducted. A hierarchical, bureaucratic structure is less responsive in such an environment, and a flatter, more responsive organizational pattern is required (Monge Fulk, 1999). As organizations reengineer their structures to become more proactive and accessible, new patterns of communication emerge. Organizations find it necessary to push decision-making authority to lower levels, employ cross-functional teams, and encourage organizational learning (Branscomb, et al., 1999). It is also essential for firms to increase and improve external communication with international suppliers, subsidiaries, alliance partners, and customers (Parker, 1996). Innovation enables organizations to improve the quality of their outputs, revitalize mature businesses, enter new markets, react to competitive encroachment, try out new technologies, leverage investment in technologies that are so expensive that no single product can recoup them, and develop alternative applications for existing product categories, to name a few outcomes. For organizations which must adapt to changing competition, markets, and technologies, product innovation is not a fad. It is a necessity. (Dougherty, 1996, p. 424) The emphasis on business innovation is further substantiated by surveys of organizations. CEOs of 669 firms across 10 industries around the world consider technological innovation as being the most critical concern in their competitive advantage (Little, 1997). Hoggs 1993 survey of European managerial competencies in telecommunications companies in 6 European countries (Britain, Germany, The Netherlands, France, Italy, and Spain) found that innovation and strategic vision were vital to the effective performance or junior and middle mangers, second only to communication skills. Being an innovator and having vision are included among the top 10 characteristics of successful entrepreneurs in a similar survey by Ernest and Young with Roper Starch Worldwide (1997). At the individual or interpersonal level, Nutt (1986, 1987, 1989) suggests that persuasive and participatory strategies have a better success rate in getting decisions implemented at the appropriate levels of the organization. Most studies conclude that information sharing is a powerful tool for desensitizing employees to change, and that information of any type can moderate the anxiety associated with uncertainty that comes with impending change in an organization (Miller Monge, 1985; Smeltzer, 1991). Lewis and Seibold (1998) conclude that communication is at the heart of change adoption and implementation and that organizations would do well to employ communication strategies that emphasize information sharing, feedback, employee participation and influence, and collaboration. External communication links, which are often associated with boundary spanning, are critical to enhancing innovations since they provide opportunities for learning and for securing needed resources (Goes Park, 1997) and for the diffusion of ideas between and within organizations (Cziepel, 1975; Daft, 1978; Ghosal Bartlett, 1987: Kimberly, 1978; Robertson Wind, 1983). Such links are the mechanism that operationalizes environmental cues to the internal organizational structure (Corwin, 1972; Lozada Calantone, 1996; Spekman, 1979). In addition, business culture should be defined. OHair, Friedrich, Wiemann, and Wiemann (1997) have defined culture as the shared beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people. A groups culture includes the language or languages used by group members as well as the norms and rules about how behavior can appropriately be displayed and how it should be understood. (p. 9). Since innovation strategy often involves management of change, mergers, strategic alliances, joint ventures, and acquisitions, unexpected culture differences might lead to serious failures as demonstrated by a statistical study of foreign entry (Barkema, Bell, Pennings, 1996). The broader cultural context of multinational strategy involves an interaction between national culture and corporate culture. On the basis of Hofstedes research (1980, 1991), Schneider and Barsoux (1997) propose a national culture embedding for a particular corporate culture when innovation is the message. According to Cooley and Roach (1984), communication behaviors that are the reflection of an individuals competence are culturally specific and, hence, bound by the culture in which they are acted out. As a result, behaviors that are understood as a reflection of competence in one culture are not necessarily understood as competent in another (p. 13) Allens (1993) work shows that scientists and engineers need each other in the RD department of a technology-intensive company (TIC). Whereas technological innovations will fail without the knowledge provided by the scientists, few scientific insights will lead to innovation unless the engineers intervene. Innovations occur most quickly if the engineer pulls the scientist. If science leads to the fastest technical innovation when triggered by engineers (technology pulls science), communication may play a role in this process by formulating and implementing informal procedures in the strategic communication of an multinational firm. While scientists have the production of text as their main target and therefore depend heavily on the written word, engineers prefer to design and make concrete products and therefore prefer oral communication with the lay world of clients and suppliers (Allen, 1993). Multinational firms may need to pay more attention to the role of oral communication in strategic innovation and to use international business communicators as bridge builders between different professional cultures. As organization becomes global, organizations become structurally flatter, more interactive, increasingly knowledge-based, geographically scattered, and more culturally diverse. With this situation of business environment, companies should consider communication. Sustainable Competitive Advantage through HRM One of the keys to successful competition in the global market is the effective deployment of human resources to achieve a competitive advantage (Schuler, Dowling De Cieri, 1993). Over the past decade human resource management has gained stature as it increasingly comes to be seen as contributing to the overall effectiveness of the organization (Ferris, Russ, Albanese, and Martocchio, 1991). Organizations with motivated and committed employees can implement strategies better than those without them. Sustainable competitive advantage is the unique position that an organization develops in relation to competitors that allows it to outperform them consistently (Hofer and Schendel, 1978). As this definition suggests, advantage can only be achieved by establishing a clear and favorable differentiation from competitors. This difference must be tangible and measurable, and it must be preservable over time (South, 1981). Sustainable competitive advantages are fundamental to a firms long-run success. A sustainable competitive advantage is derived from a firms resources or capabilities that are unique to the firm, cannot be easily duplicated by competitors, and offer customers special value (Barney 1991; Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson 1995). Without sustainable competitive advantages, a firm cannot expect to make above-average returns in the long run. Management of human resources has been acknowledged as an important factor in developing sustainable competitive advantage (Pfeffer 1995; Lado and Wilson 1994; Kydd and Oppenheim 1990). Unlike other resources (plant and equipment or product design, for example), superior human resources tend to be very difficult for competitors to duplicate. Certain human resource management (HRM) practices have been identified as crucial to developing sustainable competitive advantage through human resources. These practices include selectivity in recruiting, high wages, training, performance-based rewards, job security, teamwork, flexibility, information sharing, and empowerment (Pfeffer 1995; Lado and Wilson 1994). According to Coyne (1986), competitive advantage is meaningful only if it is felt in the marketplace; that is, the differentiation must be perceived as an important buying criterion to a substantial customer base. Such an advantage will be sustainable, only if it cannot be imitated (Barney, 1991). In essence, a gap in the capability underlying the differentiation must distinguish the producer from its competitors; otherwise, competitors can erase the differentiation at will (Coyne, 1986). In order to create such a gap, the organization must deploy its unique combination of skills and resources to exploit environmental opportunities and neutralize threats. According to Barney (1991), three categories of firm-specific resources are available for sustainable competitive advantage: (1) Physical resources are those tangible elements used in a firms production process, ranging from its plant and equipment to its access to raw materials; (2) Organizational resources include the firms structure and processes, from strategic planning systems to reward and control processes; and (3) Human resources include the training, experience, judgment, relationships, and insight of individual managers and workers in a firm (Barney, p. 101). According to this model, the HRM system, in a manner similar to strategic planning and information processing systems, is an organizational resource with potential to become a source of competitive advantage. In this capacity, the HRM system is comprised of many of the firms vital processes. These include the recruitment, selection, appraisal, training, and retention of talented employeesactivities indispensable to firms seeking growth and prosperity. Examination of these activities reveals that the HRM system also has considerable influence over another potential advantagethe behavior of the organizations human resources. HRM system expertise can contribute to a meaningful and sustainable advantage. Barney (1991) argues that before a resource can contribute to a sustained competitive advantage, it must meet four conditions: (1) it must be valuable; (2) it must be rare; (3) it must be imperfectly imitable; and (4) it must lack strategically equivalent substitutes. A valuable organizational resource, or one which is capable of creating sustained competitive advantage, must enhance a firms ability to exploit environmental opportunities or neutralize threats (Barney, 1991). By enhancing a firms ability to cope with environmental circumstances, such a resource improves organizational efficiency and/or effectiveness. A firm will gain an advantage only when it implements a value-creating strategy not simultaneously implemented by large numbers of competing firms (Barney, 1991). If it holds scare resources that help it to exploit opportunities for gaining advantage over competitors is enhanced. HRM system can be viewed as valuable and rareproviding the organization with a competitive advantage. These advantages cannot as sustained, though, unless they are difficult to imitate (Barney, 1991). According to Barney (1991, p. 107), a resource can be imperfectly imitable, and therefore the source of sustainable competitive advantage, for one or a combination of three reasons: (1) the ability of the firm to obtain a resource is dependent upon unique historical conditions, (2) the link between the resource possessed by the firm is causally ambiguous, or (3) the resource generating a firms advantage is socially complex. A firms resource to be a source of sustained competitive advantage is that there must be no close substitutes for the resource which can be used to conceive and implement the same strategies (Barney, 1991). Transnational firms such as the Trend Micro choose to locate facilities based on the ability to effectively, efficiently, and flexibly produce a product or service, and to create synergies through the cultural differences. Production and research and development that benefit from uniform standards and scale economies tend to be centralized, whereas marketing and HRM tend to be decentralized to take advantage of local cultural differences (Griffin Pustay, 1996; Hannon, Huang Jaw, 1995). This creates the need for HRM systems that encourage flexible production, thus creating a host of HRM issues. Transnational firms proactively consider the cultures, human capital, political/legal and economic systems to determine locations where production facilities can be located to provide a competitive advantage. These firms have multiple headquarters spread across the globe, resulting in less hierarchically structured organizations that emphasize decentralized decision-making. This results in the need for human resource systems that recruit, develop, retain, and utilize managers and executives who are not only competent transnational but also are competent in decision-making in flattened, non-hierarchical organizations. Adler and Bartholomew (1992) point out that a transnational HR system should be characterized by three attributes, which they describe as transnational scope, transnational representation, and transnational process. The first attribute, transnational scope, refers to the fact that HR decisions must achieve a global, rather than a national or regional, scope. This creates the necessity to ensure that decisions reflect a balancing of the needs for uniformity (to ensure fair treatment of all employees) and flexibility (to meet the needs of employees in different countries). The second attribute, transnational representation, reflects the multinational composition of a firms managers. 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